. "In no formation of the Grande Armee was the strategic consumption more dramatically illustrated than with the 1st Guard Infantry Division under Dumoustier... on May 5, the division had only 7,865 combatants present and under arms with 3,040 in hospitals. Of those in hospital, only 10 % were there as a result of being wounded in combat. The remaining 90 % ... were no longer in ranks as a result of these young soldiers simply breaking down from the rigors of a campaign which was less than 10 days old !" (Bowden - "Napoleon's Grande Armee of 1813" p 90) Order of Battle of the French Imperial Guard 15 May 1813 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IMPERIAL GUARD - MdE Mortier Chief of Staff of the Imperial Guard - ? Chief of Guard Engineers - ? I N F A N T R Y 1st Guard Infantry Division - GdD Dumnoustier (7,770 men) Middle Guard Brigade - GdB Mouton-Douvernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fusilier-Grenadier Regiment [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fusilier-Chasseur Regiment [2 btns.] Young Guard Brigade - GdB Tindal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1st Voltigeur Regiment [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6th Voltigeur Regiment [2 btns.] Young Guard Brigade - GdB Lanusse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2nd Voltigeur Regiment [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3rd Voltigeur Regiment [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7th Voltigeur Regiment [2 btns.] Divisional Artillery and Train . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 foot batteries of Young Guard x 6 6pdr cannons and 2 5.5' howitzers 2nd Guard Infantry Division - GdD Barrois (5,000 men) Young Guard Brigade - GdB Rottembourg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1st Tirailleur Regiment [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6th Tirailleur Regiment [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7th Tirailleur Regiment [2 btns.] Young Guard Brigade - GdB Berthezene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3rd Tirailleur Regiment [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flanquer-Grenadier Regiment [1 btn.] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flanquer-Chasseur Regiment [1 btn.] Divisional Artillery and Train . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 foot batteries of Young Guard x 6 6pdr cannons and 2 5.5' howitzers 3rd Guard Infantry Division - GdD Rouget (3,500 men) 1st Old Guard Brigade - GdB Decouz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1st Grenadier Regiment [1 btn.] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2nd Grenadier Regiment [2 btns.] 2nd Old Guard Brigade - GdB Michel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1st Chasseur Regiment [1 btn.] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2nd Chasseur Regiment [2 btns.] 3rd Old Guard Brigade - GdB Michel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Velites of Florence [1 btn.] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Velites of Turin [1 btn.] Divisional Artillery and Train . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 foot battery of Old Guard x 6 6pdr cannons and 2 5.5' howitzers C A V A L R Y GdD Philippe-Antoine d’Ornano 1st Guard Cavalry Division - GdD Lefebvre-Desnouettes (2,980 men) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1st (Polish) Guard Lancer Regiment [3 Old Guard sq. + 4 Young Guard sq.] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2nd (Dutch) Guard Lancer Regiment [6 sq.] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (German) Berg Lancer Regiment [3 sq.] 2nd Guard Cavalry Division - GdD Walther (3,770 men) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guard Chasseurs-a-Cheval Regiment [4 Old Guard sq. + 5 Young Guard sq.] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guard Grenadiers-a-Cheval Regiment [4 Old Guard sq. + 2 Young Guard sq.] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guard Dragoon Regiment [4 Old Guard sq. + 2 Young Guard sq.] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elite Gendarmes [2 sq.] A R T I L L E R Y GdD Charles-Francois Dulauloy Old Guard Artillery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 foot batteries x 6 12pdr cannons and 2 6' howitzers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 foot battery x 6 6pdr cannons and 2 5.5' howitzers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 horse batteries x 4 6pdr cannons and 2 5.5' howitzers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Berg half horse battery x 2 6pdr cannons (not Guard unit) Young Guard Artillery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 foot batteries x 6 6pdr cannons and 2 5.5' howitzers Other Troops of Guard Artillery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Company of Engineers of the Guard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Company of Marins of the Guard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Company of Pontoniers of the Guard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Company of Ouvriers of the Guard

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Order of Battle of the Russian 'Army of the Danube' in the beginning of 1812 Campaign. Commander-in-Chief: Admiral Pavel-Vasilievich Chichagov Chief-of-Staff: ? 8th Infantry Division: Essen-II 1st Infantry Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . Arhangelsk Infantry Regiment [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . Schlusselburg Infantry Regiment [2 btns.] 2nd Infantry Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . Old Ingermanland Infantry Regiment [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . Ukrainian Infantry Regiment [2 btns.] Jäger Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . 8th Jäger Regiment [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . 39th Jäger Regiment [2 btns.] Artillery Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . 8th Position Battery (8 12pdr cannons, 4 unicornes) . . . . . . . . . . . 14th Light Battery (8 6pdr cannons, 4 unicornes) . . . . . . . . . . . 15th Light Battery (8 6pdr cannons, 4 unicornes) 10th Infantry Division: GM Ivan-Andreievich Lieven 1st Infantry Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . Yaroslav Infantry Regiment [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . Kursk Infantry Regiment [2 btns.] 2nd Infantry Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . Crimean Infantry Regiment [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . Belosersk Infantry Regiment [2 btns.] Jäger Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . 9th Jäger Regiment [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . 39th Jäger Regiment [2 btns.] Artillery Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . 10th Position Battery (8 12pdr cannons, 4 unicornes) . . . . . . . . . . . 30th Position Battery (8 12pdr cannons, 4 unicornes) . . . . . . . . . . . 18th Light Battery (8 6pdr cannons, 4 unicornes) . . . . . . . . . . . 50th Light Battery (8 6pdr cannons, 4 unicornes) 13th Infantry Division: Langeron 1st Infantry Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . Vieliki-Louki Infantry Regiment [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . Saratov Infantry Regiment [2 btns.] 2nd Infantry Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . Galizia Infantry Regiment [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . Penza Infantry Regiment [2 btns.] Jäger Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . 12th Jäger Regiment [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . 22nd Jäger Regiment [2 btns.] Artillery Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . 13th Position Battery (8 12pdr cannons, 4 unicornes) . . . . . . . . . . . 24th Light Battery (8 6pdr cannons, 4 unicornes) . . . . . . . . . . . 25th Light Battery (8 6pdr cannons, 4 unicornes) 16th Infantry Division: GM Mihail-Leontievich Boulatov 1st Infantry Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . Ohotzk Infantry Regiment [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . ? Infantry Regiment [2 btns.] 2nd Infantry Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . Kamchatka Infantry Regiment [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . Mingrelia Infantry Regiment [2 btns.] Jäger Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . 27th Jäger Regiment [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . 43rd Jäger Regiment [2 btns.] Artillery Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . 16th Position Battery (8 12pdr cannons, 4 unicornes) . . . . . . . . . . . 30th Light Battery (8 6pdr cannons, 4 unicornes) . . . . . . . . . . . 31st Light Battery (8 6pdr cannons, 4 unicornes) VIII Cavalry Corps - 6th Cavalry Division - 18th Cavalry Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . St.Petersbourg Dragoon Regiment [4 sq.] . . . . . . . . . . . Lithuania Dragoon Regiment [4 sq.] 19th Cavalry Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . Sieversk Dragoon Regiment [4 sq.] . . . . . . . . . . . Kinbourn Dragoon Regiment [4 sq.] 20th Cavalry Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . Volhynie Uhlan Regiment [8 sq.] . . . . . . . . . . . White Russia Hussar Regiment [8 sq.] 7th Cavalry Division - 21st Cavalry Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . Smolensk Dragoon Regiment [4 sq.] . . . . . . . . . . . Pereyaslav Dragoon Regiment [4 sq.] 22nd Cavalry Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . Tiraspol Dragoon Regiment [4 sq.] . . . . . . . . . . . Dorpat Dragoon Regiment [4 sq.] 23rd Cavalry Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . Chuguyev Uhlan Regiment [8 sq.] . . . . . . . . . . . Olviopol Hussar Regiment [8 sq.] Attached . . . . . . . . . . . Grekhov-VII Cossack Regiment . . . . . . . . . . . Grekhov-VIII Cossack Regiment . . . . . . . . . . . Astahov-VII Cossack Regiment . . . . . . . . . . . Melnikov-III Cossack Regiment . . . . . . . . . . . Melnikov-V Cossack Regiment . . . . . . . . . . . Loukovkin Cossack Regiment . . . . . . . . . . . Tourchaninov Cossack Regiment . . . . . . . . . . . 1st Orenbourg Cossack Regiment . . . . . . . . . . . 2nd Orenbourg Cossack Regiment . . . . . . . . . . . 3rd Orel Cossack Regiment . . . . . . . . . . . 4th Orel Cossack Regiment The organization of Admiral Chichagov's army changed several times. For example in July 1812 it consisted of I Corps (Langeron), II Corps (Essen-II), III Corps (Voinov), IV Corps (Boulatov), Reserve Corps (Sabaneiev) and several regiments detached for service under Linfort.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Order of Battle of the Russian 'Army of the Danube' at the Battle of Berezina, October 1812. Commander-in-Chief: Admiral Pavel-Vasilievich Chichagov Chief-of-Staff: ? Detachment: GM (GL) Efim-Ignatevich Chaplitz Jäger Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . 28th Jäger Regiment [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . 32nd Jäger Regiment [2 btns.] Cavalry Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . Tver Dragoon Regiment [3 sq.] . . . . . . . . . . . Pavlograd Hussar Regiment [8 sq.] Cossack Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . Diachkin's Cossack Regiment . . . . . . . . . . . 2nd Kalmuck Regiment . . . . . . . . . . . Bashkir Regiment Artillery . . . . . . . . . . . 13th Horse Battery Advance Duard: GM (GL) Karl-Osipovich de Lambert Jäger Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . 14th Jäger Regiment [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . 27th Jäger Regiment [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . 38th Jäger Regiment [2 btns.] Cavalry Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . Starodoub Dragoon Regiment [4 sq.] . . . . . . . . . . . Arzamass Dragoon Regiment [4 sq.] . . . . . . . . . . . Jitomir Dragoon Regiment [4 sq.] Cavalry Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . Tartar Uhlan Regiment [8 sq.] . . . . . . . . . . . Alexandria Hussar Regiment [8 sq.] Cossack 'Brigade' . . . . . . . . . . . Grekhov-IV Cossack Regiment . . . . . . . . . . . Grekhov-VIII Cossack Regiment . . . . . . . . . . . Melnikov-V Cossack Regiment . . . . . . . . . . . Barbamchikov-II Cossack Regiment . . . . . . . . . . . Eupatoria Tartar Regiment Artillery Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . 11th Horse Battery . . . . . . . . . . . 12th Horse Battery Corps: GL Alexandr-Lvovich Voinov Infantry Division - 1st Infantry Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . Vladimir Infantry Regiment [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . Tambov Infantry Regiment [2 btns.] 2nd Infantry Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . Dnieper Infantry Regiment [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . Kostroma Infantry Regiment [2 btns.] Artillery Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . 9th Position Battery . . . . . . . . . . . 16th Light Battery . . . . . . . . . . . 17th Light Battery Infantry Division - 1st Infantry Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . Nashebourg Infantry Regiment [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . Apsheron Infantry Regiment [2 btns.] 2nd Infantry Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . Riazhsk Infantry Regiment [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . Yakoutzk Infantry Regiment [2 btns.] Jäger Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . 10th Jäger Regiment [2 btns.] Artillery Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . 18th Position Battery . . . . . . . . . . . 34th Light Battery . . . . . . . . . . . 35th Light Battery Cavalry Division - Cavalry Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . Lithuania Dragoon Regiment [4 sq.] . . . . . . . . . . . Sieversk Dragoon Regiment [4 sq.] Cavalry Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . St.Petersbourg Regiment [4 sq.] . . . . . . . . . . . White Russia Hussar Regiment [8 sq.] Cossack 'Brigade' . . . . . . . . . . . Kireiev Cossack Regiment . . . . . . . . . . . 3rd Orel Cossack Regiment Reserve Corps: GL Ivan-Vasilievich Sabaneiev Infantry Division - 1st Infantry Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . Kolyvan Infantry Regiment [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . ???? Infantry Regiment [2 btns.] 2nd Infantry Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . Vitebsk Infantry Regiment [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . Koslov Infantry Regiment [2 btns.] Artillery Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . 38th Position Battery . . . . . . . . . . . 25th Light Battery . . . . . . . . . . . 50th Light Battery Reserve Infantry Division - Grenadier Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . Converged Grenadiers [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . Converged Grenadiers [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . Converged Grenadiers [2 btns.] Jäger Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . 7th Jäger Regiment [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . 12th Jäger Regiment [2 btns.] . . . . . . . . . . . 13th Jäger Regiment [2 btns.] Artillery Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . 34th Position Battery . . . . . . . . . . . 39th Position Battery Cavalry Division - Cavalry Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . Dorpat Dragoon Regiment [4 sq.] . . . . . . . . . . . Kinbourn Dragoon Regiment [4 sq.] . . . . . . . . . . . Olviopol Hussar Regiment [8 sq.] Cossack 'Brigade' . . . . . . . . . . . Melnikov-III Cossack Regiment . . . . . . . . . . . Panteliev-II Cossack Regiment . . . . . . . . . . . Loukovkin Cossack Regiment

Letter from General Cradock to Lord Castlereagh 30th January 1808 Sir J. Cradock to Lord Castlereagh, January 30 "Some unpleasant incidents have lately occured on the part of the Portuguese inhabitants of Lisbon towards British individuals, but I cannot persuade myself that they have proceeded from any fixed evil disposition." - "The British army has not, in any instance, departed from the most regular discipline, and continues to manifest the greatest temper and moderation." - "The excesses on the part of the Portuguese commence by an uncontrolled pursuit, without any authority from the police, after all persons whom they please to call Frenchmen, and, in their indiscriminate carrer, they often attack every foreigner, and will not even obstain from those in guards and patrols have positive orders not to interfere under any pretext with the police, yet it is very difficult to smother the feelings of humanity when the wretched persons are flying from a furious and unauthorized rabble. Mr Villiers has exerted himself much with the Regency to check this disorder, and prevent the assembly of armed persons in the street at night, who beat drums and discharge their pieces at all hours; but as yet his remonstrances have not had the desired effect." (Napier, p 548)

Extract from a manuscript memoir by Cpt. Norton of 34th Foot on Combat at Maya, 1813 "The 39th Regiment, commanded by the Hon. Col. O'Callaghan then immediately engaged with the French, and after a severe contest also retired, the 50th [Regiment] was next in succession and they also after a gallant stand retired, making way for the 92nd [Regiment], which met the advancing French column first with its right wind drawn up in line, and after a most destructive fire and heavy loss on both sides, the remnant of the right wing retired, leaving a line of killed and wounded that appeared to have no interval, the French column advanced up to this line and then halted, the killed and wounded of the 92nd forming a sort of rampart, the left wing then opened its fire on the column, and as I was a little to the right of the 92nd I could not help reflecting painfully how many of the wounded of their right wing must have unaivodably suffered from the fire of their comrades. The left wing after doing good service and sustaining a loss equal to the first line retired." Napier - Vol IV, p 512

Russian Casualties at Borodino. 1812. These strength figures are based on the number of battalions and squadrons known to be in the battle and the normal full strength organization. These figures are presented solely to provide an idea of the type of punishment the Russians received during the battle. Source: George Nafziger - "Napoleon's Invasion of Russia", published in 1998 by Presidio Press in California, USA. Guard Infantry Regiment Killed, Wounded + Missing NCOs, privates and noncombatants * (NOTE: lack of data for officers) Preobrazhensk Lifeguard Infantry (3 btns.) Semenovsk Lifeguard Infantry (3 btns.) Izmailovsk Lifeguard Infantry (3 btns.) Lithuania Lifeguard Infantry (3 btns.) Finland Lifeguard Infantry (3 btns.) Lifeguard Jagers (3 btns.) 131 + 0 = 138 536 + 0 = 536 704 + 73 = 777 618 + 113 = 731 392 + 62 = 454 590 + 103 = 693 Cavalry Regiments Killed, Wounded + Missing NCOs, privates and noncombatants * (NOTE: lack of data for officers) GUARD Chevaliers Horse Guard Lifeguard Cossacks Lifeguard Hussars Lifeguard Uhlans ---------- 78 + 0 73 + 15 33 + 0 29 + 0 0 + 20 CUIRASSIERS - & - DRAGOONS Pskov Dragoons (4 sq.) Astrahan Cuirassiers Glouhov Cuirassiers Siberian Dragoons (4 sq.) Irkoutzk Dragoons (4 sq.) Ekaterinoslav Cuirassiers Novgorod Cuirassiers His Majesty Cuirassiers Her Majesty Cuirassiers Kourland Dragoons (4 sq.) Moscow Dragoons (4 sq.) Chernihov Dragoons (4 sq.) Little Russia Cuirassiers Kiev Dragoons (4 sq.) Military Order Cuirassiers Orenbourg Dragoons (4 sq.) Nizhinsk Dragoons (4 sq.) Harkov Dragoons (4 sq.) New Russia Dragoons (4 sq.) ---------- 152 + 32 135 + 96 116 + 34 114 + 43 101 + 22 88 + 29 82 + 62 84 + 27 79 + 5 72 + 7 70 + 20 66 + 48 57 + 83 48 + 2 40 + 39 32 + 16 0 + 0 0 + 0 0 + 0 HUSSARS - & - UHLANS Marioumpol Hussars (8 sq.) Ahtyrka Hussars (8 sq.) Izoum Hussars (8 sq.) Soumy Hussars (8 sq.) Polish Uhlans (8 sq.) Elisavetgrad Hussars (8 sq.) Lithuanian Uhlans (8 sq.) ---------- 198 + 0 139 + 21 119 + 18 84 + 33 37 + 16 19 + 20 0 + 0

French Napoleonic General Officer Saber. First Empire 1804-1815 "The Saber belonged to an unknown Officer Superieur Etat-Major with the rank of General de Division, who served under the "eye" of Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French. The rank of three stars for a General de Division is indicated on the left hand side of the engraved blade. The right hand side of the blade carries the Motto of the 'Legion d'Honneur, "Honneur Et Patrie", Honor and Fatherland. The Legion of Honor was created by Napoleon and it is the highest French award for valor on the battlefield. Many of Napoleon's generals received this award. There is reason to believe that this unknow French General held this award. The Saber has Mother of Pearl grips with gold laid over the detailed brass hilt casting. Lion heads are featured on the pommel and on the top of the guard. The scabbard locks are decorated with detailed images of swords, shields, and a Knight in Armor. ... The hand guard features a mounted Roman/Greek warrior holding a flag. One third of the blade was originally decorated with dark purple bluing. Gold was laid in the blade engravings. The entire hand guard is decorated with images of the Laurel tree or 'Laurus nobilis." The leaf, flower and berry decorations on the hilt symbolize a Roman Victory Laurel Wreath. The blade was built by sword makers in Solingen, France. The Saber design styles in the Napoleonic era indicate that the Saber was produced between 1806 and 1809. The Saber was acquired from a prominent dealer in America who features quality items on the internet. The Saber was looked at by one of the leading experts on French sabers, Marc Marbot. Mr. Marbot has written a number of articles ... and has one of the finest collections of Napoleonic French sabers in France. The saber is currently on display at the Sam Houston Memorial Museum in Huntsville, Texas. To our knowledge it is the only Napoleonic First Empire General de Division Saber on display in the United States of America. The recent sale of Napoleon's Saber used at the Battle of Marengo has dramatically increased the market price for this level of Saber. Very few are still held in private hands." - James K. Mitchell, Jr. Freedom Documents. Homepage of the world's most prestigious publisher of the war documents of the United States of America.

The Saxon Army: Organization and Strength. Infantry, Cavalry and Artillery. George Nafziger writes: "Saxony remained neutral from the eruption of the French Revolution until 1792, when it provided a contingent to the Coalition army. ... Suggestions that the Saxons were "dragooned" into joining the Prussians army [in 1806] are gross exaggerrations and a hangover from the Seven Years War when Frederick the Great did, indeed, take their army captive and force them into joining his army. [In 1806] The Saxon army was totally mobilized and completely integrated into the Prussian army. ... In 1809, when Austria invaded Bavaria, the Saxons once again marched to war. Having rebuilt their army, they marched with the French ... " In 1812 the Saxons participtaed in the Invasion of Russia on the French side and fought at Kobrin, Borodino, Gorodechna, and Pruzhany. In 1813 the white-coats fought at Kalisz, Gross-Beeren, Dennewitz and Leipzig. "The dinner given by the Old Guard to the Saxon Guard was less convivial, and the hosts found it 'impossible to fraternize' with their guests. At the time for the toasts before desert the Saxons withdrew under a variety of pretexts." (Lachoque - "The Anatomy of Glory" p 305) At Leipzig the vast majority of the Saxon troops defected to the Allies. Saxon Infantry. On picture: Saxon infantry in 1810 - drummer of Prinz August Infantry, and musketier of Low Infantry. Picture by Alexander Sauerweid. Each Saxon infantry regiment had 2 colors, one for each battalion. The first battalion carried the white Life-Color, while the 2nd Battalion carried the ordinary color "whose base was the regimental facing color." It is not clear if the light troops had standards. In 1793 the Saxon infantry consisted of 12 line regiments and Lifeguard Grenadier Regiment (Leib-Grenadier-Garde Regiment). Several regiments ceased to exists or were renamed between 1793 and 1815. Lifeguard Grenadiers 1. Kurfürst - in 1806 König (King's Own) - 1813 Provisional Guard - 1815 Guard 2. Prinz Anton - 1813 1st Provisional - 1815 Prinz Anton 3. Maximilian - 1813 2nd Provisional - 1815 Maximilian 4. Friedrich August - 1813 3rd Provisional - 1815 Friedrich August 5. Xavier - 1806 Oebschelwitz - 1810 disbanded 6. Clemens - 1812 Steindel - 1813 disbanded 7. Lindt - 1801 Rechten - 1813 disbanded 8. Niesemeuschel 1810-1813 vacant 9. Aus dem Winkel - 1798 Sänger - 1808 Cerrini - 1810 disbanded 10. Löw - 1813 disbanded 11. Nostitz - 1802 Thummel - 1808 Burgsdorf - 1810 disbanded 12. von der Heyde - 1800 Braune - 1800 Ryssel - 1805 Bunau - 1806 Bevilaqua - 1808 Dyherrn - 1810 disbanded "In 1806 the Saxon army was obliged to join the Prussian army in its war against France. It was fully intergrated into the Prussian army and was placed under the command of Furst zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen. ... Once defeated by the French, the Saxon grenadiers provided the rearguard that kept the immediate battle losses to a minimum. When the campaign was completed Saxony passed in a French alliance. One of the principal changes was that Napoleon made the Kurfürst of Saxony a king." (Nafziger, Wesolowski, Devoe, - pp 149-151) In 1808 two light infantry battalions were organized, each of 4 companies of 180 men. (In 1810 they were expanded into full regiments of 1,652 men each.) In 1809 a jäger company was organized of volunteer huntsmen. (In 1813 after the defection of the Saxons, the jägers reformed as a battalion.) The general staff consisted of 6 generals, 8 general-lieutenants and 18 general-majors. Colonels averaged 65 years, staff officers 60. The old and badly made muskets were beginning to be replaced with a new model musket. The NCOs abandoned their spontoons and were issued muskets and pistols. In addition 5 provisional infantry battalions were raised as a home defense. To provide secuirity for the headquarters the Headquarters Guard Battalion was organized. In 1810 however it was disbanded. In June all grenadier battalions were formed into brigade, the 1st Brigade of the 1st Division. In 1810 a program for the selection of younger men as NCOs was instituted. The regimental artillery was disbanded. INFANTRY REGIMENT Staff (38 men) [ Colonel, Ltn-Col., 2 Majors, Quartermaster Judge, Surgeons, Armorers, Provost 20 Musicians and 1 Drum-Corporal ] 2 grenadier companies (180 men each) The grenadier companies were drawn from the regiments and converged into independent grenadier battalions. I Battalion of 4 musketeer companies (180 men each) II Battalion of 4 musketeer companies (180 men each) In 1812 nearly the entire infantry marched to Russia. After the retreat most of the infantry regiments had but a single battalion. But the number of new recruits was low. In 1813 two new Saxon divisions were raised and organized as follow: 24th Infantry Division: GL von Lecoq 1st Brigade: Ob. von Brause - - - - - field jagers (a single company) - - - - - Lifeguard Grenadiers (1 btn.) - - - - - 1st 'von Lecoq' Light Infantry Regiment (2 btns.) - - - - - Maximilian Regiment (1 btn.) - - - - - Rechten Regiment (1 btn.) 2nd Brigade: GM von Mellentin - - - - - Converged Grenadiers (1 btn.) - - - - - Friedrich Regiment (2 btns.) - - - - - Steindel Regiment (1 btn.) Artillery: Mjr. von Roth - - - - - Kuhnel's Foot Battery (6pdrs) - - - - - Rouvroy's Foot Battery (6pdrs) - - - - - Sapper Company 25th Division: GM von Sahr 1st Brigade: Ob. von Bose - - - - - Converged Grenadiers (1 btn.) - - - - - 2nd 'von Sahr' Light Infantry Regiment (1 btn.) - - - - - King's Own Regiment (1 btn.) - - - - - Niesemeuschel Regiment (1 btn.) 2nd Brigade: Ob. von Ryssel - - - - - Prinz Anton Regiment (2 btns.) - - - - - Löw Regiment (2 btns.) Artillery: Mjr. Gau - - - - - Dietrich's Foot Battery (6pdrs) - - - - - Zandt's Foot Battery (6pdrs) There was also cavalry and one battery of 12pdrs. After heavy losses at Grossbeeren and Dennewitz the army was reoganized. At Leipzig the Saxons defected to the Allies. Eventually, 7 Landwehr regiments were raised, each of three battalions. "One group of Volunteer Saxons was transferred to the Russian Imperial Guard." (Nafziger, Wesolowski, Devoe, - p 157) In 1815 Saxony suffered dismemberment at the hands of the Prussians. Approx. 6,800 soldiers were seized by the Prussians. Saxon Cavalry. Each squadron (except the hussars) did carry standards and the colors were unique to each regiment. The Saxaon cavalry consisted of several regiments of heavy and light cavalry. Some units ceased to exists or were renamed between 1793 and 1815. Garde du Corps Guard Carabiniers (Karabinier-Garde) - 1810 disbanded Anhlat Cuirassiers - 1809 Zastrow Cuirassiers - 1813 disbanded Kurfürst Cuirassiers - 1806 König (King's Own) Cuirassiers - 1807 Leib-Garde (Lifeguard) Cuirassiers - 1813 Cuirassiers Prinz Clemens Chevauxlegeres - 1811 Prinz Clemens Uhlans Prinz Albrecht Chevauxlegeres - 1813 disbanded Polenz Chevauxlegeres - 1810 vacant - 1811 von Polenz Chevauxlegeres - 1813 disbanded Hussar Regiment Nafziger writes: "At the end of the 1806 campaign, those regiments which had gone to war were stripped of their horses. Those horses were then turned over to the French cavalry regiments as remounts. In Oct 1806, when the regiments returned to their garrisons, each squadron had only 10 to 12 horses and they remained in the depots. Only the Konig (King's Own) Cuirassier Regiment, which had not participated in the 1806 campaign, retained their horses. On 24th June 1807, the Konig Cuirassiers changed its name to Leib Cuirassiers, because of its distinguished performance at Heilsberg and Friedland in 1807. ... Despite the lack of horses, the Saxon cavalry was excellent in its training and skills in the field. Much of the professionalism of the Seven Yaers War remained. On 22 Feb 1809, the Saxon army was mobilized and the missing horses were replaced." (Nafziger, Wesolowski, Devoe, - p 187) The Garde du Corps rode large black horses (officers rode golden bays). Other regiments rode browns, bays, grays and chestnuts. The darker color horses were placed in the front rank, while the light colored horses were posted in the second rank. In 1812 the Saxon Garde du Corps and Zastrow had much smaller, though sturdy horses, either black or very dark-brown, supplied by dealers as Mecklenburgers. The cuirassiers had armor but they often left it in the depots when it came time to go to war. Until 1810 a bicorn was worn before it was replaced with a brass helmet with a brass comb. Hussars' pelisse was light blue edged with black fur, and their sash was crimson. In Dec 1813 a small company of dragoons was organized to provide a security guard for the headquarters. Nafziger writes: "Usually one of the regiment's squadrons was detached as a reserve. If a single squadron was making the attack it would also hold back a reserve." Saxony had three regiments of cuirassiers, all held Guard status. At Borodino were two: Garde du Corps and Zastrow. Uniform of Garde du Corps: brass helmet with fur turban and crest, white plume, black leather peak edged brass. Brass chin scales. Tunic was pale buff, faced blue, with orange piping around the top of the collar, down the front of the tunic, and on the turnbacks. Officers: gold epaulettes, gold belts and gold ciphers and edging to shabraque. Trumpeters: red tunic, white breeches and silver trumpet with gold cords. - Howard Giles) Saxon Artillery. The Saxons had 4pdr, 8pdr and 12pdr cannons, 4pdr mortars and 8pdr howitzers. The companies were dispersed in garrisons and the gunners were poorly trained. They were concentrated only once a year (!) for a very short period of training where they were permitted to fire the field guns. In July 1806 a horse battery was raised but it served as a foot battery (fuss-batterie). In the 1809 campaign, 4 foot and 1 horse battery accompanied the main Saxon army. In 1810 the regimental artillery was disbanded "with the guns being concentrated into the artillery regiment giving it 16 companies. " There were 2 horse batteries. In 1812 for the Invasion of Russia were sent 2 horse and 4 foot batteries. The third horse battery was assigned to the (French) IV Cavalry Corps and a regimental battery assigned to the (Saxon) Maximilian Regiment. The pontooneer company manned 82 covered and 10 hollow pontoons during campaign. Saxons versus Russians: Battle of Kalish (Kalisz) 1813. "At the beginning of December 1812 it seemed clear that Napoleon lost his Russian campaign. His army was exhausted and decimated by the frost and the ubiquitous Cossacks. On the 5th of December 1812 the Emperor left his troops and returned to Paris. Marshall Joachim Murat, the King of Naples, became the new leader of the Grande Armee or what was left of the army. .... The Russian advance, however, was also almost continuous and unstoppable, and consequently the main Russian forces reached the Duchy of Warsaw soil and then crossed the Vistula River. during the 4th and 5th of February 1813. The main bulk of the French troops, commanded by Prince Eugene de Beauharnais, was concentrated near Poznan - to the west of the Vistula River, while the VII Saxon Corps was marching to the town of Kalisz ... The shortest route to Silesia led through the city of Kalisz, one of the biggest cities in the Duchy of Warsaw. On the evening of the 12th of February 1813 Kalisz was occupied by the Saxon Corps, led by General Reynier. Kutuzov, fast realizing the value of Kalisz and its bridges over the prosna River, gave his advance guard corps of General von Wintingerode the order to capture the city immediately. Thus the battle fo Kalisz began on the 13th February 1813, at 1 pm, and was to last about 7 to 8 hours. The forces of the opponents were almost equal (about 12 000 soldiers each). But the leaders of the Saxon corps didn't expect Russian attack as it was the complete surprise to them. That was why their troops were too widely dispersed around the Kalisz suburbs to offer effective resistance to the advancing Russian regiments. During the first phase of the battle, the Russian cavalry surrounded and destroyed the major part of the 21st Saxon infantry division in the villages of Borkow and Kokanin. During the second phase, there was some fierce fighting near the villages of Pawlowek and Skarszew, culminating in the Russian capture of the villages. Russians then prepared for the main attack against the Kalisz suburbs (Tyniec) and to capture the bridge over the Prosna River." (Baranowski - "Bitwa pod Kaliszem 1813") Reynier's two divisions were led by veteran commanders, Saxon General Lecoq and French General Durutte (participated in Leipzig and Waterloo). On the Russian side there were two fine generals, Lanskoi (extraordinary cavalryman) and Prinz Eugen (a German in Russian service, distinguished himself in Borodino). The bloodiest fighting took place in Tyniec defended by several French battalions of Durutte's division. Prinz Eugen's infantry captured it before being thrown back by counterattacking Polish infantry and Saxon grenadiers von Anger. General of Brigade Jarry distinguished himself in this combat. Prinz Eugen decided against another attack. In the evening von Sahr's Saxon brigade and Maury's French brigade brushed off Cossacks and entered Kalish. At midnight the two brigades joined Reynier's troops and together left the city. The bridges were destroyed. The Russians suffered 600 killed and wounded. They however captured 2 Colors, 700-1500 prisoners (incl. many wounded) and 6 guns with ammunition wagons. During the pursuit after battle more prisoners were captured (approx. 1000). Map: Battle of Kalish (Kalisz), February 1813. The Saxon grenadier battalions covered themselves with glory. They repulsed several cavalry attacks (hussars and Cossacks) and withstood artillery fire. Despite heavy casualties they left the battlefield in good order. The Russian troops [15.770 men] in Kalish were under General Winztingerode. - - - Cossack Brigade - Colonel-Lieutenant Davydov - - - - - - 1st Bug Cossack Regiment - - - - - - Popov-XII's Don Cossack Regiment Combined Cavalry Division - General-Lieut. Lanskoi [3.3340] - - - Hussar Brigade - Colonel Paradowski - - - - - - Alexandria Hussar Regiment [8 squadrons] - - - - - - White Russia Hussar Regiment [8 squadrons] - - - Combined Brigade - - - - - - - Livland Horse Jager Regiment [4 squadrons] - - - - - - 3rd Ural Cossack Regiment - - - Cossack Brigade - General-Major Witt - - - - - - 1st Ukrainian Cossack Regiment - - - - - - 3rd Ukrainian Cossack Regiment II INFANTRY CORPS - PRINZ EUGEN WIRTEMBERG 3rd Infantry Division [1.200 men] - - - - - - 20th Jager Regiment [2 battalions] - - - - - - Murom Infantry Regiment [2 battalions] - - - - - - Revel Infantry Regiment [2 battalions] - - - - - - Chernikhov Infantry Regiment [2 battalions] 4th Infantry Division [1.200 men] - - - - - - 4th Jager Regiment [2 battalions] - - - - - - Tobolsk Infantry Regiment [2 battalions] - - - - - - Volhin Infantry Regiment [2 battalions] - - - - - - Kremenchoug Infantry Regiment [2 battalions] Artillery Reserve - - - - - - Heavy Battery [8 12pdr cannons, 4 unicorns] - - - - - - Light Battery [8 6pdr cannons, 4 unicorns] - - - - - - Light Battery [8 6pdr cannons, 4 unicorns] - - - - - - Horse Battery [8 6pdr cannons, 4 unicorns] Other Troops: - - - - - - Cossack Regiment - - - - - - Cossack Regiment RESERVE CORPS - General-Major TUCHKOV-II Cossacks [1.120 men] - - - - - - Grekhov IX's Cossack Regiment - - - - - - Grekhov XXI's Cossack Regiment - - - - - - Semechykov's Cossack Regiment - - - - - - Isaiev-II's Cossack Regiment Cavalry - General-Major Prince Trubetzki [1.580 men] - - - - - - Tatar Uhlan Regiment [8 squadrons] - - - - - - hussars [5 reserve squadrons] - - - - - - horse jagers [1 reserve squadron] - - - - - - uhlans [2 reserve squadrons] - - - - - - dragoons [4 reserve squadrons] Infantry Division - General-Major Bahmateiev [5.930 men] - - - - - - jagers [6 reserve and 1 'recruit' battalions] - - - - - - infantry [14 reserve and 3 'recruit' battalions] Artillery Reserve - - - - - - Pontoneers [295 men] - - - - - - XXXIII Heavy Battery - - - - - - 6 guns of XVI Light Battery - - - - - - 2 guns of IV Light Battery VII ARMY CORPS - General of Division REYNIER [1.470 cavalrymen, 9.335 infantrymen, 1.640 artillerymen] - - - Advance Guard - General Major Gablentz - - - - - - Saxon Hussar Regiment [395 men] - - - - - - Saxon Chevaulegere Regiment [300 men in 4 squadrons] - - - - - - 5 voltigeur companies drawn from Durutte's Division - - - - - - Saxon 1st Light Infantry Regiment [700 men in 2 btns.] - - - - - - Saxon I Horse Battery [145 men, 4 6pdr cannons, 2 8pdr howitzers] Independent Brigade - General of Brigade Zoltowski - - - - - - Polish 2nd Infantry Regiment [920 men in 2 battalions] - - - - - - Polish 7th Uhlan Regiment [305 men in 4 squadrons] - - - - - - Polish Cavalry Krakusi [300 men in ? squadrons] Infantry Division - General-Lieutenant von Lecoq - - - Brigade - General-Major von Steindel - - - - - - Saxon Grenadier Battalion von Liebenau [360 men] - - - - - - Saxon Infantry Regiment Prinz Clement [790 men] - - - - - - Saxon I Foot Battery [115 men, 4 6pdr cannons, 2 8pdr howitzers] - - - - - - Saxon light artillery [45 men, 4 4pdr cannons] - - - Brigade - General-Major von Nostitz - - - - - - Saxon Infantry Regiment Prinz Anton [390 men] - - - - - - Saxon light artillery [50 men, 4 4pdr cannons] - - - Brigade - General-Major von Sahr - - - - - - Saxon Grenadier Battalion von Spiegel [290 men] - - - - - - Saxon Grenadier Battalion von Anger [415 men] - - - - - - Saxon Grenadier Battalion von Eichelberg [60 men] - - - - - - Saxon 2nd Light Infantry Regiment [720 men in 2 btns.] - - - - - - Saxon III Foot Battery [120 men, 4 6pdr cannons, 2 8pdr howitzers] - - - Other Troops: - - - - - - Saxon Uhlan Regiment [160 men in 4 squadrons] - - - - - - Saxon Sapper Company [65 men] 32nd Infantry Division - General of Division Durutte - - - Brigade - General of Brigade Devaux - - - - - - 1st Infantry Regiment Mediterraneae [1.180 men in 2 battalions] - - - - - - Infantry Regiment Belle Isle [855 men in 2 battalions] - - - Brigade - Colonel Maury - - - - - - Infantry Regiment Ile de Walcheren [1.100 men in 2 battalions] - - - - - - Infantry Regiment Wurzburg [500 men in 2 battalions] - - - Brigade - Jarry - - - - - - Infantry Regiment Ile de Re [775 men in 2 battalions] - - - - - - 2nd Infantry Regiment Mediterraneae [745 men in 2 battalions] - - - Artillery - Chef Lair [20 6pdr cannons, 4 8pdr howitzers] - - - - - - French 22nd Company of 1st Foot Artillery Regiment [80 men] - - - - - - French 6th and 17th Company of 5th Foot Artillery Regiment [85 men] - - - - - - French 4th Company of 9th Foot Artillery Regiment [80 men] Reserve Artillery - Clonel Hoyez - - - - - - II Foot Battery [95 men, 4 6pdr cannons, 2 8pdr howitzers] - - - - - - IV Foot Battery [95 men, 4 6pdr cannons, 2 8pdr howitzers] . . . . . . .

French military slang. Napoleonic Wars. ~ ~ War Napoleon, The Boss Napoleon's hat artillery eagle atop the colour veteran young scared soldier wounded blood fleas la musique, la fete le patron, le petit Tondu le lampion le brutal the cuckoo three-haired slugger, old sweat short burst of fire mortgaged grape juice breadcrumbs take part in a hard fight a near-miss starving wine beef British soldiers Austrian soldiers comb one's hair friser set one's teeth on edge booze, life-saver, damn dog hardwood Les Goddams Les Kaiserlicks The most popular girls for the napoleonic soldiers were the Prussian girls. According to Jean-Claude Quennevat the Prussian girls "were generally hyper-sentimental romantics, inclined to accord a holy gloss to the sexual act, even outside marriage, and were therefore ready to sacrifice anything for their lovers." Quite many French soldiers dueled for the Prussian girls. The cavalrymen used sabers, the infantry used bayonets or the short infantry swords. (Duelling was forbidden by the Emperor so it usually took place at night by torch light.) The Spanish girls were considered pretty.