. "Splendid old General Horn was at the head of the famous Leib Regiment; he raised his sword on high, gave a loud Hurrah ! and the drummers ... beat the advance. Horn's deep bass voice rang out: 'Any who fires a shot is a cur ! Forward ! Long live to the king of Prussia ! ... These were scenesd that inspired each good, Prussian heart, for they showed that apart from high-sounding words, there was a splendid spirit in our Prussian troops, be they line or Landwehr. May this always be the case for then the state of the Hohenzollerns will stand firm and respected." - Mjr Ernst Moritz Arndt, Leipzig 1813 Organization, Strength and Tactics. "The infantry of Prussia in 1806 was 'a museum piece' reflecting the great days of Frederick the Great imposing in appearance but decidedly disappointing in performance" - David Chandler "The infantry of Prussia in 1806 was 'a museum piece' reflecting the great days of Frederick the Great imposing in appearance but decidedly disappointing in performance. and outdated in training. This was evident as early as Valmy in 1792, but few improvements had been wrought 14 years later. The cult of the past was unshakeable, the tactics rigid, the supply train enormous, and a day's march of over 10 miles was considered excessive. Its leadership was also antiquated, except for Prince Louis Ferdinand. The disasters of Jena and Auerstadt and the succeeding weeks, and the humiliations of Tilsit at length brought reform under the inspiration of Scharnhorst." (Chandler - "Dictionary of the Napoleonic wars" p 210) In 1806 the infantry consisted of 60 infantry regiments (2 battalions each, total of 120 musketier battalions), incl. the regiment of Foot Guard. There were also 27 grenadier, 24 fusilier and 3 jagers battalions. Grenadier battalion had 805 men: . . . . . . 18 officers (and 4 surgeons) . . . . . . 56 NCOs . . . . . . 12 drummers and 8 fifers . . . . . . 8 sappers . . . . . . 600 grenadiers and 40 reserves . . . . . . There were also: . . . . . . riflemen: 40 Schutzen with 1 bugler. . . . . . . artillerymen: 1 NCO and 17 privates Fusilier battalion had 690 men: . . . . . . 19 officers (and 4 surgeons) . . . . . . 48 NCOs . . . . . . 5 drummers and 7 buglers . . . . . . 8 sappers . . . . . . 520 fusiliers and 40 reserves . . . . . . There were also: . . . . . . riflemen: 40 Schützen with 1 bugler. Each of the 120 musketier battalions had (theoretically) 830 men: . . . . . . 22 officers (and 5 surgeons) . . . . . . 60 NCOs . . . . . . 15 drummers (and 6 oboye players for the I Battalion) . . . . . . 10 sappers . . . . . . 600 musketiers and 50 reserves . . . . . . There were also: . . . . . . riflemen: 50 Schützen with 1 bugler. . . . . . . artillerymen: 1 NCO and 17 privates Regiment ~ 1806 ~ Staff - - - 2 Battalion Light Cannons I Musketier Battalion (4 Companies) II Musketier Battalion (4 Companies) The Grenadier Companies were detached and formed batalions. In December 1808 a regiment's strength was regulated at 2 musketier and 1 fusilier battalion. The grenadiers still were part of the regiment but on campaign they were detached. They were grouped into Grenadier Battalions, one of which was attached to each of the army's six brigades. In December 1812 eight 'Militia' battalions were raised by Bulow in East Prussia. In January von Yorck raised 12 reserve battalions and 3 Lithuanian fusilier battalions. In February it was decreed that each grenadier battalion should form one reserve battalion and each infantry battalion should form two. In March 1813, the Prussian infantry consisted of 12 regiments. Each had two numbers; one was its precedence in the Line, and the other, precedence in the province it recruited from. During the 1813-1814 campaign the Prussian infantry consisted of the following troops: 12 'old' line regiments, 12 reserve regiments, numerous battalions of light infantry and volunteers, and regiments of Landwehr. In 1813 the Prussian army consisted of 4 categories of troops: regulars reserves volunteers Landwehr Regiment ~ 1813 ~ Staff I Musketier Battalion (4 Companies) II Musketier Battalion (4 Companies) Fusilier Battalion (4 Companies) Attached volunteers-jagers In 1815 Prussia had 32 line infantry regiments (3 battalions each) Below is list of regiments. 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th (Leib) . . . 9th, 10, 11th and 12th were the twelve old regiments, solid, well trained and well dressed. In the 1815 campaign, only the line infantry regiments with an army list number from 1 to 12 carried flags. 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th . . . 21st, 22nd, 23rd and 24th Infantry Regiment were formed from twelve reserves infantry regiments. The 12 reserve regiments got to know their new names in March and April 1815 when the Prussian king send orders from Vienna, Austria. The monarch participated there in the politically important Congress. In 1815 the 18th Regiment bled the most of all, 810 killed and wounded at Placenoit. It was awarded with 33 crosses. 25th was formed from Lutzow's infantry 26th from Elbe Regiment 27th from Hellwig's inf., Reiche's jagers, reserve btn. of Elbe Regiment and 7th Replacement Btn. 28th and 29th from Beg infantry 30th and 31st from Russo-German Legion 32nd from Westphalian and Saxon militia (32nd was not formed before December 1815) Tactics In 1812 infantry manouvers were conducted at 75 paces/min or by a quick step of 108 paces. The infantry was formed on three ranks. Troopers from the 3rd rank of fusiliers (or even musketiers and grenadiers) could operate as skirmishers or as reserve behind light infantry. The 3rd rankers were sometimes formed into independent platoons (commanded by 1 officer and 3 NCOs) or even into battalions. Such platoons/battalions of 3rd rankers musketeers were always formed on 2 ranks. But not only the 3rd ranks were employed as skirmishers, there were entire battalions deployed in this formation. In 1813 at Dennewitz the full III Battalion of 4th Reserve Infantry Reg. was deployed as skirmishers. They were supported by one horse (Nr 6) and one foot (Nr 17) battery and advanced against Wirtembergian square. The canister and musketry caused heavy casualties and the Wirtembergians broke and fled. In 1813 at Hagelberg the IV Battalion of 3rd Kurmark Landwehr deployed into skirmish formation and advanced forward together with two other battalion formed in columns screened by their own skirmishers. In the end of battle approx. 300 Prussian skirmishers pursued 2 battalions of French infantry (total 1.000 men). These skirmishers were joined by Cossacks and Russian guns and the French halted and surrendered. The Prussian infantry used closed columns instead of squares against cavalry. When enemy's cavalry approached the outer files filled the gaps between the troops. Such compact formaion was formed quickly, the troopers in 1st rank outstretched their bayonets while those in 2nd rank fired. The men in 3rd rank loaded the muskets and passed to the 2nd rank. General von Clausewitz was not happy with the method the Prussian infantry defended villages. He wrote: "We use up our troops too fast in stationary combat. Our officers call for support too soon, and it's given them too readily. The consequence is that we suffer more dead and wounded without gaining any ground, and we transform our fresh soldiers into burnt-out husks." Note: the Prussian brigade had infantry, cavalry and artillery. Here we focus only on the infantry and how it was deployed. The artillery usually stood in front or on the flanks of the infantry. The cavalry was kept in reserve or stood on the flanks. Prussian Brigade ~ 1812-1813 ~ The infantry of the Prussian brigade (2 regiments) was formed in three lines: in the first line were 2 fusilier battalions (light infantry), which would be used to form skirmish line with small reserves (for the skirmishers). The fusiliers were drawn from the third ranks of the 2 fusilier battalions. If brigade had no fusilier battalions, then the third rank of the musketeer battalions would perform this service. 150 m behind the first line stood the second and main line. This line consisted of 3-4 musketeer battalions (line infantry). If the fusiliers were not able to force the enemy to withdraw or abandon a village or wood, the musketeers of next line would prepare for the bayonet attack. 150 m behind the second line stood the third line of infantry. It was reserve and consisted of 1 musketeer and 1 combined grenadier battalion. The cavalry stood behind the third line of infantry and on its flanks. The foot artillery was deployed in the very front of infantry, the horse artillery in reserve. The number of lines was not alwayz three and the distance between 150 m. For example in 1813 at Dennewitz General Krafft deployed his brigade in 2 lines. The battalions of the first line were deployed in line, and the battalions of the second line stood in columns 300-400 paces behind the first. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. skirmishers (drawn from 3rd ranks of fusilier battalions) 100-150 m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Fusilier Battalion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Fusilier Battalion 150 m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Musketeer Battalion . . . . . . . . . . . I Musketeer Battalion . . . . . . . . . . . II Musketeer Battalion 150 m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Musketeer Battalion . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grenadier Battalion Prussian Brigade ~ 1815 ~ In 1815 "the 9 battalions of the brigade also fought in three waves. The first consisted of 2 fusilier battalions (from the line regiments), the second of 4 musketeer battalions, the third line of 1 light and 2 musketeer battalions." (Hofschroer - "The Prussian Staff ..." p 17) The brigade no longer had grenadier battalion (as seen above) - all grenadiers formed two regiments and these formed their own brigade.

. The Guards were the units which were most close to the King. Infantry of the Royal Guard. [Königliche Garde Infanterie] On picture: Prussian Foot Guard in 1808 in Konigsberg, by Knotel. Their dress-parades, inspections, reports, salutes, bearing in the presence of officers and on guard, were wonderfully regular, accurate, and according to the regulations. The Foot Guard Regiment (Garderegiment zu Fuß or Regiment Garde zu Fuß ) had similar organization to the line regiments and consisted of 1 fusilier and 2 musketier battalions. In summer 1813 the Foot Guard Regiment was removed from the line, causing the other regiments to be re-numbered. The 2nd Foot Guard Regiment was formed from battalion of Colberg Regiment, fusilier battalion of Leib Regiment and a drill demonstration battalion. 1813-1815 the guard infantry consisted of the following units: 1st Foot Guard Regiment (3 battalions of 750-800 men each), 2nd Foot Guard Regiment (3 battalions of 700-750 men each), Guard Jäger Battalion (400-450 men) and Guard Schützen Battalion (400-450 men). The Foot Guard Regiment and the Guard Jäger Battalion The Guard Jäger Battalion (Garde-Jäger-Bataillon ) has its origins back to the wars of King Frederick the Great. In 1813 and 1814 they fought in numerous engagements but didn't see any action in 1815. They wore dark green coats, red collars and cuffs, grey trousers, shako covered with oilcloth, cartridge box with brass star. They were armed with rifles and bayonets. In 1813 and 1814 the Prussian guard was attached to the Russian Imperial Guard. In 1815 the Guard Brigade and Grenadier Brigade were part of a separate corps. The Royal Guard have participated in some heavy fighting during the campaign of 1813 in Saxony. The Foot Guard Regiment and Guard Jäger Battalion had very high losses at Großgörschen (Lutzen). They did fight at Leipzig and at Paris. The Guard Jägers took part in a lot of minor skirmishes troughout the 1813/14 campaign. On picture: flag of I Battalion of the 1st Foot Guards Regiment

. The line infantry made the biggest part of the army. Line Infantry. [Linieren Infanterie] The line infantry included musketiers and grenadiers. The line infantry formed the biggest part of the army. For example in 1806 there were 147 battalions of line infantry (120 musketier and 27 grenadier) in comparig to only 27 battalions of light infantry (24 fusilier and 3 jägers). The average height of Prussian infantryman (in 1811) was 1.63 cm. The minimum height for the recruits was 157 cm but for the guard was 175 cm. "The grenadiers (and guardsmen) were the tallest, although probably the tallest musketeers will have been a bit taller than the shortest grenadiers. Prussian Fusiliers should have been the smallest and most agile men of the regiment, but in fact, they were just the smallest..." (Oliver Schmidt) Grenadiers In 1806 there were as many as 27 grenadier battalions, in 1812-1815 only six. The grenadiers were men selected for their height and strength and were formed in 400-600 men strong battalions. In 1813 the grenadier battalions were distributed among infantry brigades in various army corps. For example at Leipzig two battalions were in Advance Guard, two in 1st Brigade, one in 3rd Brigade etc. In 1814 four grenadier battalions were put together and formed one brigade under Hiller. It was probably the best infantry brigade the Prussians had in that year. Infanterie-Brigade - Oberst-ltn. Hiller . . . . . . battalion of East Prussian grenadiers . . . . . . battalion of West Prussian grenadiers . . . . . . battalion of Silesian grenadiers . . . . . . battalion of Guard grenadiers . . . . . . battalion of jagers (or West Prussian fusiliers) In the end of 1814 the grenadier battalions were for the first time formed in two full regiments. The honorary chefs of these units became Allies' monarchs, Tsar of Russia and Kaiser of Austria. In 1815 the two units formed a single brigade under von Ratzmer. Infanterie-Brigade - Oberst von Ratzmer . . . . . . Grenadier-Regiment-Kaiser-Alexander - Major von Schachtmeier . . . . . . Grenadier-Regiment-Kaiser-Franz - Oberst-ltn. von Klür . . . . . . Garde-Schützen-Batallion - Major Graf von Meuron The Prussian grenadiers were not a precious elite kept in reserves and out of harm's way. They participated in numerous combats, especially those units attached to the advance guard. Two grenadier battalions participated in as many as 20-30 combats (!), the remaining four in 12-15 combats on average. In 1815 the two best battalions (see below) became part of the 1st Grenadier Regiment (1. Grenadier-Regiment-Kaiser-Alexander). The third battalion of this regiment had 15 combats. 1st East Prussian Grenadier Battalion (1. Ostpeußischen Grenadier-Bataillon) 30 battles: 1806-1807 - Thorn, Pr. Eylau, Friedland, Allenau, Bartenstein, Heilsberg, Gollau and Königsberg, 1813 - Groß-Görschen, Lausigk, Kolditz, Bautzen, Reichenbach, Katzbach, Hochkirch, Wartenburg, Möckern, Freiburg, Hörselberg and blockade von Mainz, 1814 - Vitry, Montmirail, Château Thierry, Mery, Lizy, Gué à Trêmes, Laon, Trilport and Paris. Commanders: - Major von Leslie (1813) Life Grenadier Battalion (Leib-Grenadier-Bataillon) 21 battles: 1807 - Verteidg, Colberg, Sellnow, Ausfallgefechte and Wolfsberg. 1813 - Groß-Görschen, Bautzen, Katzbach, Naumburg, Hochkirch, Reichenbach, Bischofswerda, Hänichen, Möckern, Freiburg and Hörselberg, 1814 - Montmirail, Château Thierry, Laon, Trilport and Paris. Commanders: - Major von Goltz, then von Carlowitz (in 1813) French cuirassiers and dragoons attack Prussian infantry at Etoges, 1814. Picture by W. Kossak

. "The physical ability and high intelligence of the common man enables the French to profit form all advantages offered by the terrain and the general situation, while the phlegmatic Germans ... form on open ground and do nothing but what their officer orders them to do." - General Scharnhorst Light Infantry. [Leichte Infanterie]. The Fusiliers, Jägers, Volunteers Jägers and Schützen (on picture) were the Prussian light infantry. They were to make use of woods, bushes, buildings, gardens, walls and hills. A member of the Prussian 12th Brigade describes attack on Probstheida near Leipzig: "We [skirmishers] moved up via Meusdorf and the brickworks against Probstheida. The first thing that hit our skirmishers - of which I was one - was an artillery crossfire. It didn't take long for us to be scattered. We reformed and threw ourselves into a sunken road up against the loopholed garden wall of the village. We waited until the French had fired a full volley at our main body, jumped out of the road and rushed forward to take half the village. The surprised French fell back before us, abandoning a battery of 10 guns in the centre of the village." (Digby-Smith - "1813: Leipzig" p 195) The light infantryman had greater allowance of practice rounds per year than the line troops. In 1812 the target practice was: - for Fusiliers were 30 practice rounds - for Jägers were 60 rounds - for Schützen were 60 rounds Jägers The Jägers were armed with rifles (regular or as gifts from huntsmen and foresters) and "were always considered a crack formation." They were the most professional elite of the infantry. Some were huntsmen and foresters and experienced marksmen and experts at concealement in wooded area. Unfortunately there were only very few formations of jägers. In 1815 additional battalion of jägers was raised from the Saxon Jäger Battalion, Saxon 'Volunteer Banners' and jäger company of Russo-German Legion. The Saxons however had little enthusiasm for the war in 1815 and serving in the Prussian army. Volunteers Jägers The Volunteers Jägers emerged in 1813 and were "members of the educated middle classes" - they uniformed and armed themselves with hunting rifles and carbines or other purchased firearms. There were several thousands of such volunteers organized into small detachments. The volunteers had the possibility of becoming NCOs and officers in the regular troops. Fusiliers The Fusiliers were agile men who served in line regiments as light infantry. They were led by inteligent, fit and young officers. The Fusiliers were armed with ordinary muskets. The Fusileirs were the shortest lads in infantry, just 157cm and slightly above, only the guard fusiliers were between 166cm and 173 cm. Instead of the white leather belts of line infantry they wore black ones. There were no other major differences in uniforms. Schützen The Schützen were armed with rifles with front and back sight. These were excellent marksmen although - unfortunately - were partially armed with smoothbore muskets instead of rifles. But there was only 1 battalion of 'Silesian' Schützen (Schlesisches Schützen Bataillon) . After 1814 war additional battalion was formed from volunteers from Neufchatel. They joined the Guard Infantry. The Schützen were intended to fight in similar way as the Jägers. In 1814 at the Battle of Vauchamps 2 companies of 'Silesian' Schützen made a bayonet-charge against Napoleon's guard lancers and threw them back in disorder.

Landwehr Infantry. [Landwehr Infanterie] The Landwehr accepted men aged 25 to 40, too old and weak for the regular troops. They were equipped not by the central goverment and ministry of war but by provinces. The men wore either a black or dark blue Litevka coat with white, dark blue or grey trousers. Each regiment had three battalions of 4 companies. "Theoretically the Landwehr were to be used only for home defence purposes within the frontiers of Prussia, but in practice they were used exactly as if they were regulars. Initially only 20,000 were raised, armed with French muskets gathered up by the Russians as they pursued the disintegrating Grande Armee out of Russia." (Digby-Smith, - p 36) "The Prussian Landwehr regiments adopted and carried in the field many unofficial designs of flags prior to the issuing of the order of 30th September 1813 which prohibited their further use. From October that year until 1816 when a new official Landwehrfahne was introduced it seems that these units were without flags." (warflag.com) In June 1815 were the following Landwehr regiments: East-Prussian - 5 regiments West-Prussian - 2 (the 3rd after June 1815) Pomeranian - 3 Neumark - 3 Kurmark - 7 Silesia - 15 Elbe - 4 Berg - 1 Upper Saxony - 2 (raised in the first half of 1815) Thuringia - 1 (raised in the first half of 1815, the 2nd was ordered to be formed on June 25, 1815) Westphalia - 8 (in Aug 1815 the 6th, 7th and 8th were not yet fully formed) Posen - 5 regiments were to be raised after Nov 1815 Rhineland - 8 still in the state of formation in June 1815, but in Sept they marched into France The performance of the Landwehr in combat varied. They stampeded on several occassions and also had some splendid actions. Digby-Smith writes: "The Prussian Landwehr received their baptism of fire at Lowenberg. The Schweidnitz battaalion braved canister fire and threw the enemy back at the point of the bayonet. They were only taken out of the line when they ran out of ammunition, and when they marched past Yorck he had his line regiments oresent arms to them. Blucher wrote: 'At first it was only so-so with the Landwehr battalions, but now that they've had a good taste of powder, they're as good as the line battalions.' Napoleon, however, had a very different opinnion of them. When he saw some captured Landwehr, he wrote: 'The enemy infantry is absolutely wretched; this encourages me." (Digby-Smith, - pp 18-19) In 1815 at Ligny II Btn. of 1.Westphalian Landwehr formed square on top of a hill near Brye. The Landwehr was charged three times by French cuirassiers and heavy cavalry of Napoleon's Old Guard. Each time the Landwehr fired volley and the French retired with casualties. This is a myth that the Landwehr was never used in skirmish order. They were used as skirmishers if only the tactical situation required it. On few occassions even entire battalions were employed in such formation. In 1813 at Hagelberg the full IV Battalion of 3rd Kurmark Landwehr deployed into skirmish formation and advanced forward together with two other battalion formed in columns screened by their own skirmishers. In the end of battle approx. 300 Prussian skirmishers pursued 2 battalions of French infantry (total 1.000 men). These skirmishers were joined by Cossacks and Russian guns and the French halted and surrendered. But generally the Landwehr was poorly trained and armed and the generals prefered other troops in skirmish role.

. In 1800s the French style more or less again dominated the European and Prussian fashion of military. Uniforms of the Prussian Infantry and Landwehr. French and Russian Influences In 1718 Prussian king Frederick Wilhelm drew back from the manners and fashions of Frenchified Europe and invented a solemn and simple military dress. This however didn't last long and from mid 1700s until Napoleonic Wars the French style more or less again dominated the European and Prussian fashion of military. In 1813, due to financial difficulties there was little uniformity in the Prussian army. The Prussians wore their own uniforms, uniforms supplied by Britain, and captured French uniforms. In 1815 majority of the new regiments that were formed from reserve, foreign, and volunteer troops had not received their new uniforms of line infantry before the campaign began. Regiments' appearances were not unified, some individuals wore altered French uniforms, while others wore red coats and shakos from England. Their knapsacks were mix of Prussian, Swedish, British and French ones. Some wore even blue trousers or civilian ones. Since 1815 the Prussian uniform was modeled on Russian design as Russian military enjoyed great reputation after the Napoleonic Wars. (See picture ext.link) In 1813-1815 the officers wore waist sash (cloth of silver with two black embroidered lines), grey trousers with a red stripe and gilt buttons down the seams worn over or under the boots (not gaiters). Officers carried packs. In 1814 officers' shoulder straps were abolished and epaulettes were issued. Headwear During campaign the shako was covered by an oilcloth/oilskin and the tall plume was removed. The white circle on the oilskin was introdced in the 1812 campaign for those units which were in the field. As far as I know, this practice was not continued in the 1813 campaigns. So you will find the circle for Musketiere and Füsiliere in 1812, but not later (possibly, some of the covers continued to be worn, but I doubt it). As there were no grenadiers in the field in 1812, you won't have grenadiers with the circle. In 1815 majority of the new regiments (formed from 12 reserve, foreign, and volunteer units) were able to replace the grey cap with a regulation covered shako. In 1813-1815 many soldiers used the captured French shakos (they removed their eagle plates and cockades). The headwear for reserve units was a grey peaked cap called schirmmutz. It was based on the contemporary civilian cap and had rather poor appearance. Some battalions had a capband in provincial colour. A black chin strap was worn. Within followng months most units replaced the cap with a regulation shako (covered with oilcloth). Legwear The Prussian infantryman wore grey trousers with 3 buttons at the bottom. Black gaiters or black knee-length boots were worn until January 1814. Gaiters were worn under or over the trousers. Due to shortages of uniforms and financial dificulties some troops wore white linen trousers during summer campaign. NCOs wore marching boots instead of gaiters and carried canes. This is what Oliver Schmidt had to say about Prussian infantry's legwears in 1815: "The white linen gaiter trousers were a parade dress introduced in 1815, but made and worn only after that campaign. Before 1815, the Prussians had 2 types of trousers: linen trousers worn over the gaiters in summer gray trousers worn under the gaiters (because they went down only a hand's width above the ankle) In the Elberfeld Manuscript (which will be available in print soon http://www.vs-books.de/elber.htm) there are several images of Prussian line infantrymen with white trousers worn over the gaiters, most of them of 1815. By the way, in the same year, there are also long grey trousers found, which are worn over the gaiters - this seems to be an intermediary pattern between the earlier short grey trousers and the long grey gaiter trousers." Greatcoat The grey greatcoat was worn rolled en bandolier over the shoulder also in summer. Items of clothing or other small personal belongings inside the rolled greatcoat acted as quite effective protection from saber cuts. The canteen was strapped to the outside of the knapsack. A piece of leather cloth was wrapped around the greatcoat roll to help keep it from working loosee and slipping off the shoulder. On parade the greatcoat was worn rolled and strapped on top of the pack. The greatcoat was almost ankle-length but in 1814 was shortened. Its collar was in provincial color until October 18th 1813, then grey with provincial-colored patches. Coat In 1813 the Prussian infantryman wore dark blue double-breasted (two rows of eight brass buttons) coat called kollet and carried a light brown knapsack and grey linen bread bag. The cuffs were of the Brandenburg pattern. Until 1814 the collar was worn open, exposing a black neckstock. Since 1815 the collar was closed, but was left unfastened on campaign. The sash was blue with 3 buttons. The turnbacks and the lining of the coat were poppy red. The seniority of the line regiment within the province was indicated by the shoulder straps; white, red, yellow and light blue. The troopers in Grenadier-Regiment Kaiser Alexander wore white shoulder straps with their chef's monogram in red. Those in Grenadier-Regiment Kaiser Franz wore red shoulder straps with yellow monogram. The line regiments were distinguished by different color of collar and cuffs. During campaign the NCOs were distinguished by gold lace on the top edge of the cuffs and around top edge of the collar. (No distinctions seen on the shako because it was covered by oilcloth.) ~ Prussian Infantry ~ 1815 Regiment Coat Collar Cuffs 1st Foot Guard Dark Blue 2nd Foot Guard Dark Blue 1st Grenadiers Dark Blue Poppy Red Poppy Red 2nd Grenadiers Dark Blue Poppy Red Poppy Red 1st Dark Blue Orange Orange 2nd Dark Blue White White 3rd Dark Blue Orange Orange 4th Dark Blue Orange Orange 5th Dark Blue Orange Orange 6th Dark Blue Carmine Carmine 7th Dark Blue Carmine Carmine 8th Dark Blue Poppy Red Poppy Red 9th Dark Blue White White 10th Dark Blue Yellow Yellow 11th Dark Blue Yellow Yellow 12th Dark Blue Poppy Red Poppy Red 13th Dark Blue Yellow Yellow 14th Dark Blue White White 15th Dark Blue Yellow Yellow 16th Dark Blue Carmine Carmine 17th Dark Blue Carmine Carmine 18th Dark Blue Pink Pink 19th Dark Blue Pink Pink 20th Dark Blue Poppy Red Poppy Red 21st Dark Blue White White 22nd Dark Blue Madder Red Madder Red 23rd Dark Blue Madder Red Madder Red 24th Dark Blue Poppy Red Poppy Red 25th Dark Blue Madder Red Madder Red 26th Dark Blue Light Blue Light Blue 27th Dark Blue Light Blue Light Blue 28th Dark Blue Pink Pink 29th Dark Blue Pink Pink 30th Dark Blue Madder Red Madder Red 31st Dark Blue Light Blue Light Blue 32nd Dark Blue Light Blue Light Blue The typical Landwehr uniform was designed for function and serviceability, not show. The outfit was much plainer than the finery worn by most regular troops but were easily manufactured in the numbers necessary to outfit tens of thousands. They also wore captured French and purchased British items. "Their uniforms had to be provided by the municipalities, which led to many unfortunates marching off to war in terribly poor quality clothing which quickly fell apart. They had only one pair of shoes, which often fit badly and were frequently torn off in deep mud, leaving many soldiers barefoot for much of the campaign." (Digby-Smith, - p 36) Generally the Landwehr infantry wore either black or dark blue Litevka coat with grey or white trousers. The collar and cuffs were in the provincial colour (see diagram below). ~ Uniforms of the Prussian Landehr Infantry ~ Province Coat Litevka Collar and Cuffs Buttons East Prussia Dark Blue Poppy Red White Kurmark and Neumark Dark Blue Poppy Red Yellow West Prussia Dark Blue Black White Pomerania Dark Blue White Yellow Silesia Dark Blue Yellow White Westphalia Dark Blue Green White Elbe Dark Blue Light Blue Yellow Rhineland Dark Blue Madder Red Yellow

. Prussian muskets were of average quality. Weapons of Prussian Infantry Muskets and Bayonets The muzzle-loading smoothbore flintlock musket, not the bayonet, was the first- and most-employed weapon. When in early 1700s the Prussian infantry adopted the metal ramrod they found they could fight in three ranks while the Austrians who used wooden ones needed four to maintain the same rate of fire. The Prussian weapons were one of the best in Europe. During Napoleonic wars (1800-1815) however the Prussian muskets were just average European quality. The Prussian grenadiers, fusiliers and musketeers were armed with muskets. The musket (1809) was 143.5 cm long. The stock was black for fusiliers and brown for fusketeers. The fittings were brass and the sling was red. Additionally some were armed with British (more than 15.000 infantrymen), Russian, French and Swedish muskets. It was the practice always to carry the bayonet affixed to the musket by grenadiers and musketeers. (Some sources mention only combat situations) The fusiliers were light infantry and were more flexible in this aspect. Because the infantry had several types of muskets (mostly Prussian, but there were also captured French and supplied by Great Britain) there were problems with ammunition. For this reason in 1815 some battalions exchanged their weapons in order to have only one type of musket within the same unit. Interview with Oliver Schmidt. 1. Prussian Rifles. There was a Prussian production of rifles, and over the years slowly the Jägers and Schützen were equipped with them. Freiwillige Jägers brought their own rifles, of different calibers, so everybody had to make his own balls and cartridges. Basically, I would say there was not big difference between the offcial pattern and the privately made ones. The advantage of having many (or, best, only) rifles of the same pattern within a unit are that it s easier to have spare parts for repair at hand, and the same caliber eases ammunitiopn supply a lot. I haven't got data at hand about fire rate and range, there will have been no significant difference between Prussian and other rifles. 2. Differences in Training Between Jägers and Fusiliers. Jägers were sharpshooters, aiming was very important. Fusiliers would nomally be used as regular line infantry, even though all of them were able to skirmish (unlike the musketeers and grenadiers, in which only the 3rd rank was trained for skirmishing). Jägers of course were trained in the regular movements of column and line, too, but were used in difficult terrain. 3. On Grenadiers' Uniforms. In October 1814, the Grenadiers carried their particular sword tassels, and that the first two companies of each battalion had white and the other two red shoulder straps (yellow and mid blue respectively in the II. Ostpreußisches Grenadier-Bataillon). The buttons on the shoulder straps of Grenadiers carried the number of the company within their parent regiment in Roman letters. When the two grenadier regiments were formed, the initials of their respective chefs were sewn in woolen cord on their shoulder straps, and the sword tassels and buttons on the shoulder straps became like those of the other regiments. 4. Morale of the Freiwillige Jägers (Volunteer Jägers) For the detachments of Freiwillige Jägers, the same applies as what I wrote about the morale of the other components of the army. Undoubtedly, many volunteers had a very high morale, but there were also men (espcially in 1815) who volunteered to avoid being drafted anyway and who just wanted to take part in the prerogativs given to the Freiwillige Jägers - or avoid being together with ordinary men whom some of them considered riff-raff ... Discipline often was not as strict as in the line, training was not very thorough, so I wouldn't rank these volunteers above average. Many of these volunteers came from towns, had never fired a shot before they bought their rifle, and they were not as fit and healthy as the men from the countryside who filled the ranks of the line. The mixture of basically high motivation and generally bad bodily and training condition was different for every detachment, much depended on the commander of the detachment. And, of course, also the "moral" of the Freiwillige Jägers detachments would raise with the experience gained on campaign. 5. Organization of Regiment, Battalion and Company. The existence of a third rank in infantry was vital, as its men were taken for skirmishing. So you would always form up in three ranks, in order to form the skirmishers platoons (Schützen-Züge). When the skirmishers had been taken out, the rest of the battalion of course consisted only of the two remaining ranks. So - for example - in a battalion of 400 men, you would form up in three ranks, take out the 4 skirmisher platoons formed from the third rank, 260 men would rest in the line in two ranks (1st and 2nd rank), making a front of 130 men. I haven't come accross any definite source by now that after battles with unequal losses in the companies, men were transfered from one company to another in order to equalize the strength, but somehow this must have been done. If battalions became too weak, they would be combined with other weak battalions. This happened for example after 15th June in the 2rd brigade, when the maimed Fusilier-Bataillon of the 28. Infanterie-Regiment (over 600 men lost) and the 3. Bataillon of the 2. Westphälisches Landwehr-Infanterie-Regiment were combined in one battalion. In the company of Muketiers or Fusiliers formed up in the regulation strength prescribed on 12th January 1813 the distance between the ranks is 2 Fuß (63 cm) measured from back to breast. The Unteroffiziere's rank is 2 Schritt (146 cm) from the third rank of the company. The Seconde-Lieutenant's rank is 2 Schritt (146 cm) behind the Unteroffiziere's rank. The men are equally distributed into two Züge (platoons), who were numbered according to their position in the battalion, counting from the right of the battalion deployed in line. The 1st company consists of the 1st and 2nd Zug, the 2nd company of the 3rd and 4th Zug, etc. The senior company or Zug (with the lower number) was always formed up on the right. The files were also counted starting from the right. Each Zug was divided into Sektionen, which should have 6 or 5 files. If there were not enough men to fill the last file on the left of the Zug, the place in its second and third rank was to remain free. The senior and the junior Seconde-Lieutenant are behind the comapny's first Zug, the second Seconde-Lieutenant is behind the company's second Zug. The Feldwebel's position is behind the 2nd file of the company's first Zug. When Kapitain or Premier-Lieutenant leave their position, they are replaced by the Unteroffizier from the third rank behind them. When the Kapitain commands the whole company, his place is taken by the senior Seconde-Lieutenant. When the battalion was formed up in line, at least one Unteroffizier of each company was detached to the colour section. All the drummers and buglers were formed up in one rank behind the right wing of the 5th Zug, at a distance of 2 Schritt (146 cm) behind the rank of officers. If there were musicians, they would be formed up behind the left wing of the 4th Zug. Prussian infantry company according to the regulation of 12 January 1813 ppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppP . pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppK sss pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp . . ppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp .pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppU . pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppU . . U . . . . U . . . . U . . . . U . . . . U . . . U . . . . . . U . . . . U . . . . U . . . . U . . . . U . . . F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S . . . . . . . . . . S K Kapitan (1) P Premier-Leutenant (1) S Seconde-Leutenant (3) F Feldwebel (1) U Unteroffizier (14) p private (182) s Spielmann (drummer) (3) Above is a Prussian infantry company according to the regulation of 12 January 1813 and its formation according to the 1812 regulation for infantry. Unfortunately, it was not printed in my Osprey title. From the same date, the officers of the battalion were to consist of 1 staff officer as battalion commander (A "staff officer" - Stabsoffizier- can be any rank above Kapitan/Hauptmann and below general. For example: Major, Oberst-Lieutenant or Oberst), 1 adjudant (usually a Seconde Lieutenant), 1 "Rechnungsführer" (account manager, usually also a Seconde Lieutenant) and 17 other officers distributed to the companies. These officers were lower officers: probably 1 captain, 1 Premier-Lieutenant and 1 Secode-Lieutenant per company - there will have been variations. From 2 December 1808, in peacetime, a regiment had 1 staff officer as commander (who will have been assigned a lieutenant from the regiment as adjudant). Per battalion, there was 1 Büchsenmacher (gun maker) and per regiment 1 Büchsenschäfter (gun stock maker). For each battalion, there was a Bataillons-Tambour (named Bataillons-Hornist - battalion bugler - from 1811), and in addition 1 Regiemtns-Tambour. The regiments were allowed 10 regular (paid) "Hautboist"s (musicians), but most officer corps put together some money to increase this number in order to afford a bigger regimental band. In each company, a few men carried an axe, a pickaxe or a spade. The soldiers disliked the extra weight. These items could hinder the aiming of the second rank. In May 1815, on its own initiative, the I/23. Infanterie-Regiment had formed an extra section of 12 pioneers, who had been picked from the companies. On their left shoulder they carried axes instead of muskets and wore a shovel and a pickaxe on a sling over the back. They formed up in one rank with the NCOs, behind the Color party. At Ligny they smashed doors and windows of houses which had been occupied by the French, making it much easier to dislodge the enemy. (No beard was required for the sapper.) The battalion of jägers (or Schützen) had the same organisation, but according to the regulation of 12 January 1812 they had lesser numbers of rank and file (but the same number of officers as the regular infantry battalions): 40 NCOs, 9 buglers, 452 Jäger or Schützen According to regulations issued on 24th February 1813 the detachments of Freiwillige Jägers were formed in 2 ranks if below and in thre ranks if above a strength of 100 men. On parade, the detachment stood on the right flank of the battalion. Marching past a superior, they were at the head of the battalion, in front of the musicians, the battalion commander and his adjudant at their (the volunteers') head. For exercise, the detachemnt is 50 paces behind the middle of the battalion in line. In attack column (compare my Osprey Warrior), the first platoon of the detachment between the 2nd and 3rd platoon of the battalion, the second platoon of the detachment between the 6th and 7th platoon of the battalion (Means, the attack column is two platoons wide and 5 platoons deep). They should be used for skirmishing, also for detachents and field duties, but shouldn't be fatigued too much. Their main purpose was to train the volunteers to become officers later - at least those who were apt for it. When the two regiments of grenadiers were formed, they were organised along the pattern of the other infantry regiments: therefore their 3rd battalion was a battalion of Fusiliere (in which everybody, not only the men of the third rank, was to be trained as skirmisher). So each of the two Grenadier-Regimenter consisted of: 1. Bataillon, 2. Bataillon and Fusilier-Bataillon. However, the men of all the battalions were called Grenadiere. So you will find the denomination "Grenadier of the Fusilier-Bataillon of the Kaiser-Alexander-Genadier-Regiment". In the Landwehr in the course of the campaigns in some regiments one battalion did specialise as Füsiliere, there is an order by Blücher of June 1815 that all the Landwehr regiments which did not yet have a Fusilier-Bataillon should appoint one. Thank You Oliver

Sources and Links.

Schmidt - "Prussian Regular Infantryman 1808-1815", Osprey 2003
Hofschroer - "Prussian Light Infantry 1792-1815" 1984
Craig - "The Germans" , published in 1991.
Digby-Smith - "1813: Leipzig"
Duffy - "Frederick the Great" , Rutledge 1985
Duffy - "The Army of Frederick the Great" New York 1974
Holborn - "A History of Modern Germany 1648-1840" publ. in 1982
Petre - "Napoleon’s Conquest of Prussia 1806", Greenhill 1993
Simms - "The Struggle for Mastery in Germany" St. Martin’s Press 1998
Information supplied by Oliver Schmidt of Germany.
flags from warflag.com